Pre-dispersal seed predation and seed limitation in an annual legume
نویسندگان
چکیده
In field experiments (1993–1998) using an annual self-pollinated vetch species, Vicia angustifolia, the effects of pre-dispersal seed predators (pre-DSPs) on plant performance and demography were studied. Insect exclusion by insecticides, vegetation perturbation at the start of the experiment by removing the top soil layer, and sowing extra seeds were applied at one site (Site 1) on 32 plots, and only insect exclusion at another site (Site 2) on 14 plots, respectively, in the plant’s natural habitat. The number of seedlings was influenced most by perturbation at Site 1. There were 2–4 times more seedlings on bare plots in comparison with vegetation-covered plots, although significant difference was detected only in 1993, 1994 and 1997. Density of adult plants was lower on vegetation-covered plots. Dry matter, height, length of branches, and of pods were positively affected by perturbation on Site 1. The number of seeds infested by pre-DSPs was generally low, however, it was higher on unsprayed plots, regardless whether the plot was perturbed or not. Overall, seed loss to pre-DSPs was only ca. 10%. Sowing extra seeds among vegetation increased net plant recruitment demonstrating that microsites were available in the habitat. V. angustifolia is assumed to be a weak competitor and, in spite of the low percentage of seed loss to pre-DSPs, it is most likely limited by seed number. The deficit in using available microsites might be caused by post-dispersal mortality factors. Der Einfluss von Vordispersions-Samenfresser (VDSF) auf Produktivität und Demographie der selbstbestäubenden Wickenart, Vicia angustifolia, wurde in Feldversuchen (1993–1998) untersucht. Am natürlichen Standort der Wicke wurden an 32 Quadraten folgende Varianten angelegt: Ausschluss der Insekten mit Insektiziden, Störung der Vegetation (Entfernen der oberen Bodenschicht) und Aussaat von extra Samen (Ort 1), sowie an 14 Quadraten bloß Ausschluss der Insekten (Ort 2). Die Anzahl der Keimlinge war am Ort 1 am meisten durch die Störung der Vegetation beeinflusst. In den Quadraten ohne Vegetation entwickelten sich 2 bis 4-mal mehr Keimlinge, als in den kahlen Quadraten, obzwar signifikante Unterschiede nur in 1993, 1994 und 1997 gefunden wurden. Die Populationsdichte der adulten Wickenpflanzen war kleiner in den Quadraten mit Vegetation. Trockensubstanz, Höhe, Länge der Seitentriebe und der Hülsen waren am Ort 1 durch die Störung positiv beeinflusst. Die Anzahl der durch VDSF beschädigten Samen war im allgemeinen klein, sie war jedoch an insektizidbehandelten Quadraten größer, unabhängig davon, ob die Vegetation gestört wurde oder nicht. Der durch VDSF verursachte Samenverlust war durchschnittlich bloß etwa 10%. Die Aussaat von Wickensamen in die natürliche Vegetation erhöhte die Anzahl der Keimlinge, d.h., es waren freie Mikroorte vorhanden. V. angustifolia ist wahrscheinlich ein schwacher Kompetitor und ihre Population ist durch die Samenzahl beschränkt, nämlich durch den Einfluss von Nachdispersions-Samenschädlingen.
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